B1부터 C1까지 – 문법 클리닉 – 분사 절

Types of participle clauses:

Present participle clauses: Use the present participle (-ing form).

Example: Waiting for the bus, I checked my phone. (Meaning: While I was waiting…)

Past participle clauses: Use the past participle (-ed form) to replace passive relative clauses.

Example: The car hit by the truck was a total loss. (Meaning: The car that was hit…)

Perfect participle clauses: Use “having” + past participle to show one action is completed before another.

Example: Having finished his work, he went home. (Meaning: After he finished…)

Perfect passive participle clauses: Use “having been” + past participle for passive actions completed before another.

Example: Having been warned about the storm, the sailors stayed in port. (Meaning: After they had been warned…)